Category Archives: Law

Retired miltary officials point out dangers of sending troops into urban areas

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A group of retired defense officials filed an amicus curiae or “friend of the court” brief this week in the case of State of Illinois v. Trump, 25-cv-12174, Federal District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

Although the group does not take a position on the lawsuit itself, their brief spells out their common concerns about the deployment of National Guard members to American cities.

Here’s the introductory section spelling out their interest in the case, along with the major point they make (from the document’s table of contents), followed by the full document.

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE

Amici are former secretaries of the Army and Navy and retired four-star admirals and generals. Collectively, they served under each president from John F. Kennedy to Barack Obama. Amici are acutely interested in this case because presidential deployment of the National Guard to perform local law enforcement should be a rare and carefully considered occurrence that strictly complies with the Posse Comitatus Act. Domestic deployments that fail to adhere to these long-established guardrails threaten the Guard’s core national security and disaster relief missions; place deployed personnel in fraught situations for which they lack specific training, thus posing safety concerns for servicemembers and the public alike; and risk inappropriately politicizing the military, creating additional risks to recruitment, retention, morale, and cohesion of the force.

This submission is based on amici’s collective experience serving in and leading our military, their direct experience commanding active-duty service personnel, and their interest in preserving our military’s apolitical role in safeguarding national security.

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The legal history of terms like “insurrection,” “rebellion,” and “uprising”

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In law, history, precedent, and facts matter. For those who want more than headlines, this court filing provides easy access to a wealth of insight into the current controversy over President Trump’s attempt to send troops into American cities.

This amicus brief was filed by attorneys for Citizens For Responsibility And Ethics In Washington on behalf of Mark Graber in support of the motion for a TRO blocking deployment of federalized National Guard troops in Portland, Oregon. It was downloaded from the Federal Court’s PACER document system.

Graber is the Regents Professor in the University System of Maryland, a Distinguished University Professor, University of Maryland, Baltimore, and a Professor of Law at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law.

Here’s the summary provided in the first section of the brief.

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

The Militia Act of 1903–the statutory predecessor of 10 U.S.C. § 12406–was historically understood to authorize the president to federalize state militias only in response to a war or warlike conditions. The law permits the president to call state militias into federal service only when a large armed force is engaged in an invasion, a rebellion, or a substantial uprising that cannot be contained by ordinary forces under the president’s command and that prevents federal courts from operating. The Militia Act of 1903, was designed to respond to that level of crisis. Nothing in the Act’s text or history allows the president to federalize a state national guard in response to sporadic violence during otherwise peaceful protests that do not incapacitate the courts or the execution of federal laws as a whole.

Historical and judicial precedents make clear that courts are empowered-and indeed obligated to review whether the predicate conditions for the president to federalize state militias exist. Supreme Court decisions from the 19th century emphatically rejected the notion of unreviewable presidential discretion to deploy the military on American soil, dismissing the argument as repugnant to our founding principles. As the Court explained, accepting that the military could be used for regular law enforcement would mean “republican government is a failure” and would mark the “end of liberty regulated by law.” Those words ring just as true today as they did in 1866.

The document can be downloaded or displayed in full-screen mode using the links at the bottom right of the document window.

Seeking the lowest common denominator

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“This historical tradition boils down to a simple proposition: this is a nation of Constitutional law, not martial law.”

That’s the way Federal Judge Karin Immergut, a Trump appointee, summarized the issue when she granted a temporary restraining order blocking the National Guard Deployment.

Is that something we can agree on?

For those seeking for information on her legal reasoning, here’s Immergut’s initial decision granting the plaintiff’s motion for a temporary restraining order (issued before California and Texas Guard units were being told to deploy).

The stakes in the court fight over deployment of National Guard to cities

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I’ve started looking at the court cases seeking to block the Trump Administration’s deployment of National Guard troops in Portland and Chicago. A temporary restraining order was issued after a judge in Oregon found that the government had failed to comply with existing legal restrictions on such deployments.

Much of the evidence submitted to date in these cases is very revealing, and later today I’ll try to post some of the things that struck me as important.

In the meantime, here’s the introductory section of Oregon’s amended lawsuit, which came after Trump shifted gears and sent California Guard members instead of mobilizing the Oregon Guard.

It highlights the issues involved in the case.

And you can read the full amended complaint here.

Introduction to Oregon Amended Complaint against National Guard deployment by Ian Lind