[Disclosure: This narrative was constructed by an AI assistant by systematically reviewing a selection of issues of Woman Alive from 1975 to 1977. Information regarding key events, legislative efforts, organizational activities, health initiatives, and the individuals involved was extracted and synthesized from these primary sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the women’s movement in Honolulu during that period.]
The mid-1970s marked a vibrant and deeply engaged period for feminist activity in Hawaii, primarily documented through the independent newsjournals, “Woman Alive” (1975-1976) and its successor, “Ferity” (1977). These publications, initially launched in September 1974, served as crucial platforms to “express and discuss new women’s views, concerns and experiences” and functioned as a vital “forum for the feminist movement in Honolulu”. Published by the University YWCA in Honolulu, which provided essential initial printing costs, editorial support, and office space, the newsletters frequently appealed for community support through subscriptions, donations, and volunteer efforts, highlighting their ongoing financial struggles. A central tenet was a collaborative approach, actively encouraging contributions from readers and inviting participation in various committees and action groups, with the frequent mention of forming an “umbrella group” or coalition to unify women’s organizations across Hawaii.
At its core, the feminist agenda articulated by “Woman Alive” and “Ferity” was a comprehensive critique of patriarchy and sexism, consistently highlighting how “male power” was maintained through prevailing social structures, including media, politics, education, and the workplace. Articles argued that “the maintenance of male privilege involves hurts for both men and women”.
The movement engaged deeply in political and legislative action, with a significant focus on the Hawaii State Women’s Conference throughout 1976 and 1977. This conference aimed to formulate a “plan of action” and identify “priority areas” for women in Hawaii, serving as a preparatory event for the National Women’s Conference in Houston. A key initiative was the establishment of a “Legislative Coalition”, designed to monitor bills, lobby state legislators, and promote women’s political participation to influence legislation concerning women’s issues. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a persistent and prominent concern, with strong calls for its ratification at both state and national levels, often supported by rallies and demonstrations. National initiatives like National Women’s Agenda Day were also promoted to foster a unified front for women’s rights.
Reproductive rights, particularly access to abortion, were a contentious yet frequently discussed topic. The publications consistently advocated for a woman’s right to choose, emphasizing the health benefits and reduction in maternal mortality rates associated with legal abortion. This advocacy faced strong opposition from “traditionalist” groups, notably the Mormon church. The ongoing debate around the “Hyde Amendment” and federal funding for abortions was also a significant concern.
Addressing sexism in media was another critical area of focus, with detailed analyses of how women were portrayed in newspapers, television, and advertising. This led to the formation of the “Task Force for Equal Treatment of the Sexes in the Media”, dedicated to challenging “sexist language” and “stereotyped and/or derogatory treatment of women/girls”. There were frequent calls for increased representation of women in media management and production.
Women’s health and healthcare access were central to the movement’s efforts. The Women’s Health Center (WHC) at the University YWCA was regularly highlighted for offering personalized health services, counseling, and workshops. Topics covered included contraception (such as “morning-after pills” and IUDs), breast cancer awareness, and the recognition of women’s unique health needs.
The newsletters extensively addressed violence against women. The prevalence of rape and sexual abuse was a major concern, with “Women Against Rape (W.A.R.)” emerging as a prominent organization providing counseling and advocacy. Discussions aimed at legal reforms for rape trials and challenging “rape culture” were common. The need for and establishment of shelters for abused spouses and children were also emphasized.
Economic equality and workplace discrimination were consistently highlighted, addressing disparities in wages, promotion, and job access for women. The publications stressed the importance of “affirmative action programs” and discussed the challenges faced by working mothers, including childcare needs. Concerns about “sex bias in education”were raised, particularly regarding unequal opportunities for girls in sports and vocational training, advocating for “equal educational opportunity for women”. The growth of women’s studies programs at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and community colleges was viewed as a positive development.
Beyond these, the newsletters delved into the complexities of motherhood and family structures from a feminist viewpoint, challenging traditional societal expectations and touching on issues like divorce and raising children in a patriarchal society. Crucially, the publications strove for inclusivity within the feminist movement, inviting participation from “women of diverse racial, ethnic and religious groups” and regularly listing lesbian feminist groups and events in their calendars.
Key organizations and individuals were integral to these efforts. The University YWCA served as the central hub. National Organization for Women (NOW) chapters in Hawaii were highly active in protests, lobbying, and educational programs. The Hawaii Women’s Political Caucus (HWPC) played a vital role in political organizing and advocating for women in politics. “Women Against Rape (W.A.R.)” led the efforts against sexual violence. The Women’s Health Center (WHC), operated by the YWCA, offered crucial health services. The State Commission on the Status of Women was an official body involved in coordinating efforts and influencing policy. Prominent individuals such as Priscilla Barge, LeAnn Cragun, Kelly Gardner, Carole Goodson, Suzanne Meisenzahl, Barbara Polk, and Robin Phillips were key contributors to the publications. Mel Flanagan was recognized for her leadership in NOW and consciousness-raising workshops, and Ruth Ann Brown for her reporting on conferences and legislative efforts.
Despite this dynamic activity, the movement faced various challenges. There were internal dynamics and disagreements, particularly in attempts to form a unified “umbrella group”. Strong opposition from “traditionalist” groups, especially the Mormon church, posed significant hurdles for initiatives like the ERA and abortion rights. The feminist movement also battled against “negative coverage” and “misrepresentation” of their issues in mainstream media. The rallying cry “Do It NOW!” frequently appeared in the newsletters, underscoring the urgency for sustained action. A recurring aspiration was the vision for a comprehensive “Women’s Center” to serve as a central hub for all women’s organizations, offering diverse services and fostering communication.
In essence, the “Woman Alive” and “Ferity” newsletters provide a detailed historical account of a vigorous feminist movement in Hawaii during the mid-1970s, showcasing its broad and comprehensive vision for achieving an equitable society despite the persistent challenges it encountered.
